Anna Akhmatova
Page Resources
As this project has evolved, we have had the opportunity both to build from
the intellectual resources already developed by others, and to develope our
own tools. We describe both below.
Bibliography
Aspects of this project are indebted to the methodology of the Russian quantitative school of verse study originating with Kirill Taranovsky (the idea that poetic devices have meaning associated with them) and very much defined in its further development by Mikhail Gasparov (particularly the idea that such meaning associated with devices is accumulated through authorial practices over time), as well as to the theory of Generative Metrics (Paul Kiparsky), that proposes prosodic rules that account for the directions in verse experimentation.
- Gasparov, Mikhail L. Ocherk istorii russkogo stikha. Metrika. Ritmika. Rifma. Strofika [An essay on the history of Russian verse. Meter. Rhythm. Rhyme. Stanza.]. Moscow: Nauka, 1984.
- Kiparsky, Paul and Gilbert Youmans, eds. Rhythm and meter. (Phonetics and Phonology 1) San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.
- Scherr, Barry Paul. "Russian and English Versification: Similarities, Differences, Analysis." Style 14 (1980): 353-378.
- Scherr, Barry Paul. Russian Poetry: Meter, Rhythm, and Rhyme. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
- Taranovski, Kiril. Russki dvodelni ritmovi [Russian binary meters]. Beograd: Srpska Akademija Nauka, 1953.
- Taranovskii, Kirill. "O vzaimootnoshenii stikhotvornogo ritma i tematiki [On the relationship of poetic rhythm to theme]." American Contributions to the Fifth International Congress of Slavists The Hague: Mouton, 1963. 287-322.
From Orthographic Presentation to Phonetic Presentation
- The following stylesheets assume that we have an xml file that already
has had stress indicated, as in this example file of
Pamiati Sergeia Esenina
(In Memory of Sergei Esenin
).
This particular file was marked up by hand, but, with the help and drive of David Birnbaum and with the generous permission of Oscar Swan and Nicholas Reimer, who run a Russian/Old Russian/Old Church Slavic-to-English dictionary with inflected forms, to use their dictionary files for the purposes of this project, we are working on an automated way of preparing these xml files.
The final result was this transformed file. - orthoToPhono.1.xsl: Add a phonetic tier to work with and mark unstressed vowels
- orthoToPhono.2.0.xsl: Devoice end voiced consonants and consonant clusters
- orthoToPhono.2.1.xsl: Add a marker of softness (
q
) after consonants followed by a soft vowel vowel, and a 'й' after vowels followed by a soft vowel - orthoToPhono.2.2.xsl: Place
й
before initial soft vowels that are notи
- orthoToPhono.2.3.xsl: Replace palatalized vowels with their unpalatalized partner.
- orthoToPhono.3.xsl: Replace cluster
тся
andться
withc
. Replace clusterсч
andщ
withшч
- orthoToPhono.4.xsl: Remove marker of softness after unpaired consonants that are always hard
- orthoToPhono.5.xsl: Add marker of softness
q
after unpaired consonants that are always soft - orthoToPhono.6.xsl: Reduce unstressed vowels depending on position (simplified)
- orthoToPhono.7.xsl: Transliterate from Cyrillic to Latin alphabet
- By The Sea Itself XML FILE